“Deduction, Induction, and Hypothesis,” published August 1878, is the final installment of C.S. Peirce’s essay series “Illustrations of the Logic of Science.” It explains the difference between induction and making a hypothesis. Those two, plus deduction, make up the three main kinds of scientific inference.
Note: I have an annotated table of contents for my entire “cover band” reinterpretations of Peirce essays.